The Child Care Act 1991 and At Risk Children - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 8 Words: 2453 Downloads: 1 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Law Essay Type Critical essay Level High school Did you like this example? à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Critically assess the efficacy of the Child Care Act, 1991 with regard to the protection of children at risk in terms of the protection of, and alternative care of, children at risk.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Introduction: The Childcare Act, 1991 is the principal law in Ireland in relation to the protection of children at risk and it sets out the guidelines on how to protect children who are at risk. The most important principal of the Child Care Act, 1991, is to be the provider of care and protection of those under eighteen years of age who are at risk. There is a mandatory duty placed on the HSE and now the Child and Family Agency, TUSLA, to uphold the welfare of those who are not receiving sufficient care and protection (Nestor, 2011). Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "The Child Care Act 1991 and At Risk Children" essay for you Create order The Childcare Act 1991, is there to reinforce the powers of the Child and Family Agency to deliver family support services and childcare where needed. It permits the immediate involvement of The Child and Family agency and An Garda SÃÆ' ­ochana where children are at risk. The Childcare Act 1991, also allows the courts to place children in the care of or under the supervision of The Child and Family Agency in cases where children have been abused and in cases where children are at risk. It also provides provisions for the announcement and inspection of pre-school services and revises the arrangements for registration and inspection within residential care units (Barnardos, 2010). This essay will look at how efficient the Child Care Act, 1991 is, when it comes to the protection of children who are at risk. I will assess this efficacy in terms of the protection of and the alternative care of, children who are at risk. I will firstly outline who the Child Care Act defines as a chil d and how the act defines the terms of à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“at riskà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  and à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“protection of childrenà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ . The Child Care Act, 1991 Under the Child Care Act, 1991, a child is defined as being anyone who is under the age of eighteen and who is not married. The act makes some provisions for the child protection and welfare concerns of unborn children, which may have to be deliberated during pregnancy (TUSLA, 2015). The expression à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“at riskà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  is commonly used to depict children and youth and it contains a powerful intuitive meaning (Moore, 2006). Under the Child Care act, those à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“at riskà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  are children and young people who are most likely to be neglected, ill-treated or face the possibility of homelessness (Child Care Act, 1991). According to section 3(1) of the Child Care Act, the purpose of health boards is to advocate for the welfare of children in its area, in particular, those children who are not getting the acceptable care and protection that they are entitled to (The Child Care Act, 1991). The child is protected under the Child Care Act 1991 and there is a legal obligation on health boards to safeguard those who are at risk. The Child Care Act 1991 sets out the responsibility of the Child and Family agency to provide alternative care to children who are at risk. Homelessness is a huge factor which can put children at risk. Under section 5 of The Child Care Act, 1991 there is an obligation imposed on the Child and Family agency to supply appropriate accommodation for homeless children. Where it emerges that a child is homeless it is up to the child and family agency to à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“take such steps as are reasonable to make available suitable accommodationà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  for the child (The Child Care Act, Section 5 1991). Section 5 of the childcare act is highly effective in protecting children from the risk of homelessness as the Child and Family Agency have a responsibility to ensure the welfare of a child in the case of homelessness and failure to do so can leave them liable (Nestor, 2007). However under section 45 of the child care act, it affirms that the state à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“mayà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  provide aftercare when a child leaves the care of the state but that the State is not obliged to provide after care for children leaving care. Once a child reaches the age of 18, the state no longer sees this young person as a child, but does turning 18 today turn a child immediately into an adult, is a child that much more mature and able to care for his or her own self in the space of a day? Children who are still in the care of the state by the time they reach the age of 18 are much more vulnerable than those who have lived a normal life, in a stable home, by not making it essential for the state to provide aftercare for these young people leaving care, it is putting already vulnerable adolescents at even more risk and it is putting th em at a high risk of becoming homeless if they have nowhere else to go. Provision needs to be made for the mandatory aftercare of children leaving care to protect them from the risks they face upon leaving care. Section 12 of The Child Care Act 1991, is incredibly important when it comes to children who are at risk. This particular segment provides the GardaÃÆ' ­ with elite powers to enable them to bring a child or children who are at risk to safety. Section 12 allows the GardaÃÆ' ­ to enter a house or property without a warrant if they have rational grounds to deem a child to be at risk or in danger, they may à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“remove a child to safety where the Garda has reasonable cause to believe that the child has been or is being assaulted, ill-treated, neglected or sexually abusedà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  (The Child Care Act, 1991). The District court also has the power, under section 13 of the Act, to make an emergency care order in cases where the judge considers that a child may be at risk. Section 13 states that if à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“There is an immediate and serious risk to the health and welfare of a child which necessitates his being placed in the care of a health board, or (b) ther e is likely to be such a risk if the child is removed from the place where he is for the time beingà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  (The Child Care Act, 1991) then the judge can make an emergency care order to have the child removed from the place immediately. Sections 18 and 19 of The Child Care Act, 1991, are strongly connected to each other. These sections allow the courts to grant a care order or a supervision order if they have reasons to believe that there is a child at risk. If the courts believe that a child is being à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“ill-treatedà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ neglectedà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ sexually abusedà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  or the childà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s welfare is being compromised or neglected, then the child can be put into the care of the state (The Child Care Act, 1991). Section 20 of the Child Care Act, 1991, allows the court to ask the Child and Family agency to carry out an enquiry into a childà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s situation and report back to the court where they feel that there is a pos sibility of a child being at-risk. The report sets out whether or not the Child and Family agency is making any applications in reverence of the child and if they are, their reasons for doing so, it sets out any service it had provided for the child or the family or if it intends to provide such service and finally it sets out any other action that the Child and Family Agency have taken or intends to take (TUSLA, 2015). Efficacy of the Child Care Act, 1991: The purpose of the Child Care Act, 1991 is to à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“update the law in relation to the care of children who have been assaulted, ill-treated, neglected or sexually abused, or who are at riskà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ (DCYA, 2011). While The Child Care Act 1991 has good intentions to fulfil this purpose, there are times when it has failed to do so. The childcare Act 1991 has not always been as effective as it should and could have been. There have been many inquiries into child abuse in family settings where the State has faile d to use the act effectively to identify and respond successfully to keep children who are at-risk safe from abuse. Two of the main inquiries are the Kilkenny Incest Investigation and the Roscommon Child Abuse Inquiry (and Kilkelly, 2012). The first major failure of the state was the Kilkenny Incest Investigation. This investigation examined the conditions surrounding the sustained abuse, both physical and sexual, by a father of his daughter for over 13 years. The family were known to many child protection professionals and yet the abuse continued. It was from this investigation that the importance of effective resourcing of the child care act 1991 can into light and that alarmed the need for improvement in both the constitution and the laws around reporting child abuse (Kilkelly, 2012). The Children involved in the Roscommon Child Abuse Inquiry, like the Kilkenny case were known to the HSE and the courts, however the HSE failed to remove the children who were at risk from the care of their abusive parents for a number of years. These children were highly at-risk and were being abused and neglected by their parents but the state failed in their duty to protect them. However, although the state failed in their duty at this time, a recommendation was made that à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“the government was committed to holding a referendum on inserting childrenà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s rights into the Irish constitution and to legislative change to ensure that the voice of the child is heard when courts are considering matters that affect themà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  (Gibbons, 2010) it was after this report that the Childrenà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s Referendum was held. From these reports three main issues emerged as to how the childcare act 1991 could be improved. These were for mandatory reporting to be introduced, and from this recommendation Meithal was founded (a National Practice Model which ensures that childrenà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s needs and strengths are effectively identified a nd understood and are responded to in a timely way in order for children and their families to get the help and the support that they need by immediate reporting of suspected abuse or where it seems a child is at risk or could be at risk in the future), robust systems to inspect and monitor the care of children and undertaking constitutional reform. The Child Care Act, 1991, is working to meet these recommendations and working to fulfil its purpose to protect children who are at risk. The law is constantly being updated to fulfil this purpose, the proposed article 42a, the new child and family relationship bill and the childrenà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s referendum are all proofs of this, but work still needs to be done to perfect this act. Section 169 of the new Child and Family Relationships bill amends section 20 of the Child Care Act 1991. The amendment allows the powers of the court to be extended to adjourn proceedings under the Civil Partnership and Certain Rights and Obligatio ns of Cohabitants Act 2010. Before this amendment proceedings under the child care act 1991 did not involve any dependent child of civil partners (TUSLA, 2015). The amendment to section 20 does not bestow any new function on the court but is intends to operate as an obvious signposting to judges and legal representatives of the powers which are already available to it under the Child Care Act 1991 (Family Law Ireland, 2015). Under the Child Care Act, 1991, childrenà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s rights were ignored. Children had no right to protection from harm or to have their voices heard, their best interests were paramount but with respect to the rights of their parents (Kilkelly, 2012). The Childrenà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s referendum was brought in to try and change this and to allow the voice of the child to be heard and to have a right to be heard under article 42A. Under article 42A à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“The state recognises and affirms the natural and impresciptible rights of all children a nd shall, as far as practicable, by its laws protect and vindicate those rightsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  (TUSLA, 2015). In order for The Child Care Act 1991 to be fully effective changes need to be made ensure protection for all children in all situations are catered for. Under the aftercare section where it states that the à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“state may provide aftercare for children leaving careà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  (The Child Care Act, 1991) needs to be changed to ensure that all children receive this care, it should be an entitlement to children as it is putting more children at risk as they enter their adulthood. Conclusion: The Child Care Act, 1991, emphasises the importance of the protection of children in Ireland, it places a legal responsibility on the HSE and the Child and Family Agency to promote the wellbeing of children in Ireland who are not receiving ample protection and care (Barnardos, 2010) and yet The Child Care Act 1991 is not satisfying its promise as a child protection str ucture. The Child Care Act 1991 is not being as effective as it could be. Assessments are key to positive outcomes in child protection and the recommendations which come out of these assessments are vital to be followed through. Failure to comply with these recommendations is putting children in Ireland at risk as these are the paramount opportunities for early preventions of harm. The Child Care Act 1991 has proved to be fundamental for children who are at risk, however, it must be able to adjust and improve with the times, and it is vital that it learns from the mistakes that were made in the past. Even with the proposal of article 42A, children are still very much without a voice and vulnerable, more has to be done to give a voice to children in child protection cases. The Child Care Act 1991 has the potential to prevent risk to children, but it must be built on and fully implemented to be as effective as possible. Bibliography Barnardos. (2010). Information Pack Chil d Protection. Retrieved March 19, 2015, from Barnardos: https://www.barnardos.ie/assets/files/information-pack/Child-Protection-Pack 2010.pdf DCYA. (2011). Children First. Dublin: Department of Children and Youth Affairs. Family Law Ireland. (2015). Children and Family Relationships Bill,2015-the Guardianship, Custody and Access Changes. Retrieved Arpil 2, 2015, from Family Law Ireland: https://familylawirelandhq.com/children-and-family-relationships-bill2015-the-guardianship-custody-and-access-changes/ Gibbons, N. (2010). Roscommon Child Care Case Report of the Inquiry Team to the Health Service Executive. Dublin: The Stationery Office. Kilkelly, U. (2007). Barriers to the Realisation of Childrenà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s Rights in Ireland. Cork: Ombudsman for Children. Kilkelly, U. (2012). Learning Lessons from the Past: Legal Issues. Irish Journal of Applied Social Studies , 12 (1), Article 2. Moore, K. A. (2006, October). Child Trends. Retrieved March 24, 2015, from D efining the Term At Risk: https://www.childtrends.org/wp-content/uploads/2006/01/DefiningAtRisk1.pdf Nestor, J. (2011). An Introduction to Irish Family Law (4 ed.). Dublin: Gill Macmillan. The Child Care Act. (1991). The Child Care Act, 1991. Retrieved March 18, 2015, from The Irish Statue Book: https://www.irishstatutebook.ie/1991/en/act/pub/0017/ TUSLA. (2015). Child Protection and Welfare. Retrieved March 19, 2015, from TUSLA: https://www.tusla.ie/services/child-protection-welfare

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Instruments Of The Orchestra Essay Example For Students

Instruments Of The Orchestra Essay Instruments of the OrchestraStrings: The viola is an important member of the orchestra, but is not often heard by itself. Because it is bigger than the violin, with longer strings, it makes a rich, warm sound that is lower in pitch. In contrast to the viola the violin is the smallest member of the string family. Because its strings are the shortest, it produces the highest sound. The viola is a little heavier, and its shape is slightly different, too. But it is still played on the violists left arm, just like the violin. Unlike the viola, the violins play in two different groups: with the first violins playing the highest-pitched part and the second violins playing the second highest. Both the viola and the violin are placed to rest on one shoulder, and held in its place by the chin and the left hand. You have to hold the bow in your right hand, and draw it across the strings. Pitches can be change in two ways: by drawing the bow across different strings, and by pressing on the strin gs with the fingers of his left hand. The viola plays a beautiful middle part in the orchestras harmony. The violas can be hard to pick out when the whole orchestra is playing, but you would really miss the violas if they werent there! In the other hand the violin has stayed pretty much the same ever since the 1500s. Thats almost 500 years! The modern violin has four strings, but the earliest ones had only three. Fiddlers played them on the streets, which hoped that people passing by would like their tunes and toss them a few pennies. We will write a custom essay on Instruments Of The Orchestra specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now ViolaViolinWoodwinds: The bassoon is a double-reed woodwind instrument. It has almost 8 feet of wooden tubing, bent into a narrow U-shape. The reed is secured in a curved metal tube. Bassoons are the largest woodwind instruments in the orchestra except for the contrabassoons, which are much bigger and plays a whole octave, lower than the bassoon! In contrast to the bassoon, you can hear the smooth, velvety sound of the clarinet in the orchestras, military bands, and in jazz groups. Clarinets are made of wood or molded plastic, and can be found in the different range of notes. The standard B-flat clarinet is a little more than two feet long. An orchestra also often includes an E-flat clarinet, which is smaller and plays a higher range of notes, and a bass clarinet, which plays an octave lower. To play the bassoon you may place on one side next to your knee if its big for you. Blow into the reed in the same way an oboe player does. The weight of the bassoon is usually supported by the seat strap, which the player hooks on to the lower end of the bassoon and sits on so the audience cant see it! Also, unlike the clarinet the bassoon has a rich and mellow sound. BassoonClarinetBrasses: The trombones form the middle of the orchestral brass section. They fill out the harmonies between the trumpets and the horns on top, and the low tuba below. Unlike the trombones, the Trumpet has a loud clear sound and has been use to send signals and messages for a long time. They both have been around for a long time. The trombones where around about 500 years ago when Columbus was busy discovering America and King Henry VII had a band of four trombones. They were called sackbuts back then, but they were very like todays trombones. The modern trombones have a rich tenor voice. The trumpet was used (about 3,500 years old) back then to frighten enemies in the battle, and to celebrate big ceremonies with blazing fanfares. Its distinctive shape produces the tone of the modern trumpet: a cup-shaped mouthpiece, narrow metal tube, and flaring bell. Using a slide in trombones is how a pitch is produce and in trumpet pitches may be produce in two ways: by pressing do wn on the keys that control the trumpets three valves, and by changing the shape in your lips against the mouthpiece. TromboneTrumpetPercussion: The snare drum was originally called the side drum, because the player would carry it around his waist and played off to the side. The snare drum is shaped like a cylinder, with skin stretched over its top. Unlike the snare drum, the timpani are sometimes called Kettledrums because they are shaped like big copper. They are have a piece of calfskin or thin plastic stretched over their opening. This is called a drumhead. Timpani are very important in the orchestra because they underline important chords. They are usually played in pairs sometimes in threes or fours- because each drum is tuned to a different pitch. In contrast, the snare is a set of wires or strings strung across the bottom of the drum. This rattling helps to produce the snare drums special sound. The snare drums are especially good at playing rolls. They also play lots of ot her fancy rhythms. Sometimes the snare is tuned off, to make a dull thud sound. Snare drums do not have a definite pitch. The Timpani is played using sticks called beaters, hitting about three inches from the rim of the drum. Timpanists carry many different pairs of beaters to produce different tone qualities. Timpanists can change the pitch of each drum by pressing their foot on a pedal at the base of the drum. When they are not playing, pitches may be change by changing the tightness of its drumhead. To do this timpanist tightens or loosens screws on the side and base of the drum. A good timpanist can tune the drums very quietly and quickly while the rest of the orchestra is playing. Then, when its time for the timpani to play their part, the timpanist can make a very loud noise!Snare DrumTimpani* The big bowl-shaped main chamber is called the resonator stretched across the top of the drum. .u1777e374d3b6935c12aabda5487a72e9 , .u1777e374d3b6935c12aabda5487a72e9 .postImageUrl , .u1777e374d3b6935c12aabda5487a72e9 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u1777e374d3b6935c12aabda5487a72e9 , .u1777e374d3b6935c12aabda5487a72e9:hover , .u1777e374d3b6935c12aabda5487a72e9:visited , .u1777e374d3b6935c12aabda5487a72e9:active { border:0!important; } .u1777e374d3b6935c12aabda5487a72e9 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u1777e374d3b6935c12aabda5487a72e9 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u1777e374d3b6935c12aabda5487a72e9:active , .u1777e374d3b6935c12aabda5487a72e9:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u1777e374d3b6935c12aabda5487a72e9 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u1777e374d3b6935c12aabda5487a72e9 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u1777e374d3b6935c12aabda5487a72e9 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u1777e374d3b6935c12aabda5487a72e9 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u1777e374d3b6935c12aabda5487a72e9:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u1777e374d3b6935c12aabda5487a72e9 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u1777e374d3b6935c12aabda5487a72e9 .u1777e374d3b6935c12aabda5487a72e9-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u1777e374d3b6935c12aabda5487a72e9:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Menschenschreck If The International Financiers In And Outside Europe Essay*The timpanist uses two beaters to strike the drumhead. *There are several tensions screw all around the side of the drumhead. When the are tightened, the drumhead is stretched and its pitch rises. When they are loosened, the drumhead is relaxed and its pitch gets lower. *The pedal at the foot of the resonator activates all the tension screws around the side of the drumhead. *The turning gauge allows the timpanist to set the drum at the right pitch before being sounded. Timpani that have these rapid turning mechanisms are called machine drums.

Women In Math Essay Paper Example For Students

Women In Math Essay Paper Women In MathOver the past 20 years the number of women in the fields of math, science andengineering have grown at astronomical rate. The number of women which holdpositions in these fields has more than doubled. In post secondary educationwomen are filling up the lecture halls and labs where in the past where it wasrare to see a woman at all. If a woman was able withstand the pressure that wasput on her it was more than likely that she wouldnt even be hired. Many organizations have been established to help young women to prosue carriersin either math, science and engineering. A few examples of these organizationsare, AWM (Association for Women in Mathematics), WISE (Women In Sience andEngineering), ASEM (Advocates for Women in Science, Engineering and Mathematics)and many others. Many young women do not prosue carriers in math for one or more key reasons. We will write a custom essay on Women In Math Paper specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now One is that they have no female role models to look up to or any famous femalesin that field to inspire them. Another is that they are often disgouraged byothers, usually family members, Why dont you be like your mother and stayhome and raise the children. is a common line used. This is most likelybecause the parents dont want to see their daughter go out and fall flat on herface when she doesnt make it. There is little support from others if a womanwants to go into these fields. Equal opportunities is also a large factor inthis, either as a decision maker wether to go into the field or not or cold hardfacts. Facts like 90 percent of engineering, math and science position are heldby men, this means that they dont hire very many women. Another reason is that the maybe lacking the self-esteem within their self. This could be because of the scary numbers that are related to women and math,science and engineering positions. Or that they could be struggling in thatarea. Another factor could be that they fear that hiring opportunities are verysexist and male shovenistic. Measures have been taken to help ensure that women have a equal if not betterchance to prosue a career in math, science or engineering. Special funds,programs and organizations have been setup to ecourage and assists women to goafter the field they wish to work in. With these steps taken it helps to getthe ball rolling so that women can be pioneers and break into the math, scienceand engineering fields and hopefully become role models or heros for futuregenerations.

The Justice Game Essays

The Justice Game Essays The Justice Game Essay The Justice Game Essay To what extent has textual form shaped your understanding of conflicting perspectives? In your response, make detailed reference to your prescribed text and at least ONE other related text of your own choosing. Representations of divergent viewpoints using different textual forms leads to a greater understanding of conflicting perspectives and the multi-layered nature of complicated issues. By comparing conflicting perspectives, we come to understand the complexity of a certain issue and also that despite the textual form, a texts purpose is to promote the composers perspective. This has been achieved through my study of Geoffrey Robertsons 1998 memoir The Justice Game, which discourages involving emotion in the Justice system and suggests that the current system is effective, the conflicting 2013 7. 30 Report episode Jill Mashers husband calls her killers sentence a disgrace which uses emotion to communicate the flaws in the justice system. , and the Michael Lending 2013 cartoon Julian Ganges from The Age, which supports Robertsons view that the courtroom must be impartial and not biased by personal emotion. In the chapter Afterward in The Justice Game, Robertson enforces the importance of excluding emotion and personal opinion from the courtroom. Robertsons perspective of the Justice system is that Justice is not a result conforming to popular expectation, but is rather an objective Judgment. The audience is positioned to accept his opinion because of the use of non-fiction memoir as the textual form. Non- fiction is perceived as fact or truth, hence the audience is positioned to view his opinion as truth. The medium of production adds to his credibility because rotationally, print is also perceived as a reliable source as it has been repeatedly edited and scrutinized, again giving credibility to Robertsons view that the Justice system should be objective. In Diana on the Dock, the inclusion of l was the author of a textbook apprises to the audience that he is intelligent and qualified because a textbook is seen as being written by an expert in their field. In contrast to Robertson favoring objectivity in the Justice system, the 7. 30 Report presents a highly emotional perspective on the system. The interview is with Tom Meager, husband of rape and murder victim Jill Meager, to discuss the sentencing of Sills attacker, Adrian Bailey, and his opinion of the Justice system. The focus is on the emotional effects of Sills murder on Tom, in stark contrast to Robertsons view that emotion should be excluded from the Justice system. The presenters introduction Baileys crimes have had profound and terrible effects on many, many lives uses highly emotive language and repetition of many to emphasis the devastating emotional consequences of murder, thus the audience takes an opinion of the case eased on emotion. When asked about what sort of person Jill was, a close up of Toms answer, such as you would have met Sorry, sorry and um, she was the Um, she just brightened up any room further highlight his pain. Photographs of Jill smiling fade in and out of the screen, such as her with family and at a fancy dress party, and the Juxtaposition of the happy, fun photographs with Tom Mashers current suffering position the audience to feel disgust towards Bailey as we witness the harsh effects of his crimes. Therefore, the BBC goes against Robertsons view and rings emotion into the issue of what the punishment should be for a rapist and murderer. Despite the difference in textual form, BBC uses textual form to position the audience to accept the emotional perspective by including this interview in their prime-time slot, suggesting that it is highly important because it is during one of the most viewed times. The presenter also gives credibility to the reporter by including Our reporter, Louise Mulligan, covered the murder and the trial, suggesting that Mulligan is knowledgeable and a reliable source as she knows this case. The different actual forms used by Robertson and the 7. 0 Report give rise to extremely different representations on whether emotion should be involved in the Justice system, revealing the complex nature of the issue. In contrast to the view presented by the 7. 30 Report, Leanings cartoon from The Age, Julian Ganges, supports Robertsons view by suggesting that when the Justice system tries to protect one party, it fails. The cartoon reflects Leanings view that the government is doing harm to the Justice sys tem by trying to protect themselves against Julian Ganges, who exposed their war crimes. The irony of the two pictures of Julian Ganges being identical, despite one saying Wanted and the other Needed, suggests that the Justice system is incorrect in punishing Ganges, as his exposure of criminal activity maintains fairness in the Justice system. Lending creates a somber tone when describing the government deceive the world about their dark crusade through the gloomy imagery dark crusade and the word choice of deceive, something sneaky and unfair, thus positioning the audience to take Gangues side and be against the governments abuse of power, enabled by the justice system. The cartoon, the chapters of The Justice Game and the Tom Meager interview all focus on completely different issues, yet present overall conclusions that either support each other of conflict on whether the Justice system should remain impartial or use emotion to favor one particular side, revealing the complexity and vastness of complicated issues. Overall, different composers have used different textual forms, thus different techniques, to shape my understanding of how conflicting perspectives are represented, and the multi-layered nature of complex issues.

Scientific Investigation Lab Report Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Scientific Investigation - Lab Report Example The steps in the entire experiment protocol include (1) GFP gene construction; (2) gene shuffling and selection; (3) mutant selection; (4) mutant characterization in E. coli; (5) CH) cell expression of GFP; (6) FACS analysis; and, (7) fluorescence spectroscopy. That is, the researchers first synthesized a GFP (green fluorescent protein) gene in an E. coli construct with optimized codon usage. This was further improved using an evolutionary process of recursive cycles of DNA shuffling of the GFP gene, combined with visual selection for the brightest E. Coli colonies. Since red-shifting the excitation maximum makes detection challenging by the naked eye, UV light was used for visual screening. The independent variable in this study is the process used to improve cell fluorescence or GFP in E. coli cells. In particular, the independent variable considered the absence of GFP, the Clontech GFP, the wildtype GFP, the cycle 2 mutant GFP, and the cycle 3 mutant GFP. On the other hand, the dependent variables that were investigated for differences in this study are the fluorescence signals and excitation signals of the E. coli genes. Technically, the control group for this study is the sample with no GFP. However, the three constructs (i.e., wildtype, cycle-2 and cycle-3) were also compared against the pGFP plasmid from Clontech, with a GFP sequence reported by Chalfie et al and contains a Q80R mutation which occurred as a PCR error as well as 24 extra amino acids from the N-terminus of LacZ. Results of the research study confirms the initial hypothesis that the combination of DNA shuffling and high throughput screening would be a powerful tool in optimizing a significant number of commercially important enzymes for which selections do not

Education lesson plan design Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Education lesson plan design - Essay Example However, imparting knowledge of sex and reproduction early on helps the children to understand that this is all a normal part of life and helps them to develop a more healthy attitude about it. Since babies are a part of every family, especially in the case of extended families, and since the children have been babies themselves, it is only natural that such questions will arise. However, it is also true that in many instances, teachers, especially female teachers, are reluctant or hesitant to teach reproduction and often skim over this topic, imparting a very sketchy understanding. Therefore, the â€Å"Birth of Life† was selected as the topic for this assignment, in order to take up the challenge of presenting this information to the children in a relevant and easily understandable manner. Teaching about reproduction presents a paradox – it is easy in the sense that offspring can be observed openly, yet the mystery surrounding the reproduction process as a result of the unhealthy stigma attached to sex makes it difficult to teach. Moreover, teaching about reproduction also involves imparting knowledge about cells, which in itself is abstract and difficult to communicate to children. Many teachers have found that students have problems with abstract concepts such as cells (www.sedl.org, n.d.) and its constituent parts. Therefore, we had to devise a way in which to make the concept of cells come alive for the children. The second challenge lay in the fact that we were communicating with young children in the second grade and many of the terms used, such as sperm, fallopian tube, embryo, labium minus, vagina and other such words had to be explained in a way that the young children would understand, so we had to think about how we could graphically represent the reproduction process for the children to understand these

Legalizing marijuana Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Legalizing marijuana - Essay Example A report put out by the Drug Reform Coordination Network in 2005 indicated that a group of at least 500 economists are pushing for legislation reform as a means of saving billions of dollars through a tax and regulation policy as opposed to the current elimination policy. In this report, a study conducted by Dr. Jeffrey Miron is cited as claiming legalized marijuana would provide significant savings in enforcement costs at both the federal and state levels and would generate significant income in the form of taxes. Together, it is suggested there would be a net savings of approximately $14 billion a year. Rather than proposing a specific course of action, these economists were instead calling for a national debate to be held to discuss legalization. â€Å"The fact that marijuana prohibition has these budgetary impacts does not by itself mean prohibition is a bad policy. Existing evidence, however, suggests prohibition has minimal benefits and may itself cause substantial harm† (DRCNet Foundation, 2005). It has been suggested that by legalizing drugs, property and many violent crimes would vastly decline. The resulting tax revenues from such measures would supply law enforcement with more resources resulting in a further reduction of crime and could also be used to fund drug prevention programs in the same way that alcohol and tobacco taxes presently do (Transform, 2005). America’s war against recreational drugs is an example of good intentions gone terribly wrong. While this country squanders billion dollars annually on the efforts to stop illegal drugs, trafficking and use continue. It has been said that trying to stop drugs is like trying to stop the rain. Over half of the prisoners in jail are there for drug ‘crimes.’ This causes overcrowding which results in the early release of dangerous, violent criminals. This creates more of a public safety problem than does drug use. It is illogical from a societal view and

Marginal Costing and Absorption Costing Comparison

Marginal Costing and Absorption Costing Comparison Marginal costing is also termed as variable costing, a technique of costing which includes only variable manufacturing costs, in the form of direct materials, direct labour, and variable manufacturing overheads while determining the cost per unit of a product. Where as Absorption costing, is a costing technique that includes all manufacturing costs, in the form of direct materials, direct labour, and both variable and fixed manufacturing overheads, while determining the cost per unit of a product. It is also referred to as the full- cost technique. In the costing of product/service, a marginal costing technique considers the behavioural characteristics of costs (segregations of costs into fixed and variable elements), because per unit variable cost is fixed and total costs are variable in nature, where as total fixed costs are fixed and per unit fixed cost is variable in nature and furthermore variable costs are controllable in nature, while total fixed costs are un-controllable in nature. Marginal costing is useful for short-term planning, control and decision-making, particularly in a business where multi-products are produced. In marginal costing technique, the contribution is calculated after deducting variable costs from sales value with reference to each product or service, in order to calculate the total contribution from all products/services which are made towards the total fixed costs incurred by the business. As the fixed costs are treated as period costs, are deducted from total contribution to arrive at net profit. In the context of costing of a product/service, an absorption costing considers a share of all costs incurred by a business to each of its products/services. In absorption costing technique; costs are classified according to their functions. The gross profit is calculated after deducting production costs from sales and from gross profit, costs incurred in relation to other business functions are deducted to arrive at the net profit. Absorption costing gives better information for pricing products as it includes both variable and fixed costs. Marginal costing may lead to lower prices being offered if the firm is operating below capacity. Customers may still expect these lower prices as demand/capacity increases. Profit Statements under Marginal and Absorption Costing: The net profit shown by marginal costing and absorption costing techniques may not be the same due to the different treatment of fixed manufacturing overheads. Marginal costing technique treats fixed manufacturing overheads as period costs, where as in absorption costing technique these are absorbed into the cost of goods produced and are only charged against profit in the period in which those goods are sold. In absorption costing income statement, adjustment pertaining to under or over-absorption of overheads is also made to arrive at the profit. Terms explained: Product and Period Costs: Product costs: the costs of manufacturing the products; Period costs: these are the costs other than product costs that are charged to, debited to, or written off to the income statement each period.

Modernization of Health Practices in East Central :: essays research papers

The colonization of the western world brought on many changes for the indigenous people of Africa in every way of life. The Christian missionaries accomplished much more than just introducing their religion. They also exposed and converted Africans to western values and social beliefs. Health care practices were one of the things greatly influenced by the colonization. In my paper, I am focusing on the practices of the east central region of Africa, including the regions of Nigeria and (???). This region has common Bantu-speaking ancestors and commonalties among medicines and practices. The impact of the western world is easily recognizable because of the radical differences in thought between the Europeans and the Africans. At the time of colonization, European health care centered around science and reason. Most Africans, on the other hand, believed in more abstract, spiritual explanations for disease and illness. Religious practitioners had a big part in the healing process. The infiltration of western ideas sparked obvious changes and many times produced a combination of traditional healing along with western ideas. There were changes in health care practices even before the time of colonization and I will also give a brief history of this change to emphasize the fact that religion and practices are never stagnant. Brief history of people in East Central region African healing practices traditionally have strong ties with religion. They place an emphasis on holistic healing and believe in a mind-body connection. Divination is one technique that is often used to find the cause of a particular illness. "Since all human problems such as infertility, illness, and trouble in hunting, are ascribed to moral conflicts within the human community, the diviner's task is to disclose acts of immorality which have provoked the vengeance of the ancestors, and to reveal the destructive hand of witches and sorcerers." (Ray, 104). A diviner searches a person's past to find something that may be ascribed to the works of an outside source. They want to find the source of the problem before simply treating the symptoms. They also believe that once the source is found, a ceremony can be performed that may lead to the reversal of its effect. There is a strong belief that the cause of illness is in the mind, so when the treatment is foscused there, improvement in physical ailments may be seen. "Because illness and death are seen to be rooted in immoral acts, the diviner's role

Advantages and Disadvantages of a Motorcycle.

All over the world are millions of motorcycles. With different shapes, colors, and dimensions. This is a motor vehicle similar to a bicycle but usually larger and heavier, chiefly for one rider but some times having two saddles or an attached side car for passenger. Also a motorcycle is fun and very useful but also dangerous. Motorcycles have many advantages and disadvantages. First, one of the advantages of this kind of vehicle is the gas miles per gallon. Motorcycles have smaller engines so they consume less gas. Therefore, a regular motorcycle usually expends fifty-five miles per gallon.For example; if you ride daily ten miles, you have to fill the tank ones each with two or thee gallons of fuel. Second, another advantage is that motorcycles have more parking facilities. Bikes usually have more parking because they are less popular than cars and also smaller. For example; In my college are building a new parking garage but now a days there is no parking for cars, but there is park ing for motorcycles. Third, the last advantage is the maintaining of a motorcycle. Maintaining a motorcycle is very inexpensive. Riders usually change the oil and fix the problems.Perhaps, this service is very inexpensive. Also, the parts of a motorcycle are less expensive than cars. Some bikes just cost the same as just the engine of a car. On the other hand, one of the disadvantages is the weather condition. Riders have to check the weather before the go out because this vehicle don’t have roof neither windows that can guard you from the water, iced, and high and low temperatures. Furthermore, another disadvantage is the storage space. Motorcycles cant moved big goods. They usually have small compartment that you can storage a backpack or some grocery bags.If you have to move a box or you did a huge shopping, you will need a car. Last but not least, motorcycles are dangerous. This vehicle doesn’t have safe systems like air bags or safety belt. Therefore, you are the bumper of the bike. Usually a motorcycle accident is dangerous than a car accident.. To sum up, motorcycles have advantages and disadvantages like good gas millage, more parking spaces and inexpensive maintenance otherwise they are dangerous, not weather proof and less storage facilities. In my personal opinion, I think that having a motorcycle is awesome but with respect and attention.

Free Essays on Falling Through the Cracks

Falling Through the Cracks: Children of Divorce Regardless of age, race, sex or religion, divorce has devastating, often long-term, consequences. The immediate effects of divorce, such as hurt, anger and confusion, are evident in both children and adults. The longer-term effects are not so easy to pin point. Adults are usually able to articulate their emotions and verbalize their distress, anger, pain and confusion to help themselves through this period of transition in their lives. As well, adults have the means and ability to seek outside professional assistance independently. Children on the other hand, are not as likely to have the ability to identify the source or kind of turmoil they are experiencing. Therefore, it is difficult for us, as adults, to be fully aware of the consequences of divorce on our children. It is estimated that nearly one half of children born today will spend time in a single parent household. Although some of these children are born into single parent families, many more are the product of divorce, and are made to endure the conflict and emotional upset that divorce brings about. At this time, when children require stability and emotional support, the pressures of growing up are often compounded by the stress of divorce and family breakdown. When divorce involves children many questions must be answered. Questions such as: With whom will the children live? How often will the non-custodial parent have access, and under what circumstances? Although simple to ask, these questions are never easy to answer, and children frequently become pawns in a game of revenge. Today, mothers make up the majority of parents who are awarded custody, with fathers making up only 13%. However, this was not always the case. Prior to the 19th century, fathers, under English common law followed in North America , received automatic custody of their children when the marriage dissolved. During the 19th century gradual... Free Essays on Falling Through the Cracks Free Essays on Falling Through the Cracks Falling Through the Cracks: Children of Divorce Regardless of age, race, sex or religion, divorce has devastating, often long-term, consequences. The immediate effects of divorce, such as hurt, anger and confusion, are evident in both children and adults. The longer-term effects are not so easy to pin point. Adults are usually able to articulate their emotions and verbalize their distress, anger, pain and confusion to help themselves through this period of transition in their lives. As well, adults have the means and ability to seek outside professional assistance independently. Children on the other hand, are not as likely to have the ability to identify the source or kind of turmoil they are experiencing. Therefore, it is difficult for us, as adults, to be fully aware of the consequences of divorce on our children. It is estimated that nearly one half of children born today will spend time in a single parent household. Although some of these children are born into single parent families, many more are the product of divorce, and are made to endure the conflict and emotional upset that divorce brings about. At this time, when children require stability and emotional support, the pressures of growing up are often compounded by the stress of divorce and family breakdown. When divorce involves children many questions must be answered. Questions such as: With whom will the children live? How often will the non-custodial parent have access, and under what circumstances? Although simple to ask, these questions are never easy to answer, and children frequently become pawns in a game of revenge. Today, mothers make up the majority of parents who are awarded custody, with fathers making up only 13%. However, this was not always the case. Prior to the 19th century, fathers, under English common law followed in North America , received automatic custody of their children when the marriage dissolved. During the 19th century gradual...

Analysis on Ethan Frome Essay Example

Analysis on Ethan Frome Essay Example Analysis on Ethan Frome Paper Analysis on Ethan Frome Paper Essay Topic: Ethan Frome Sometimes our light goes out but is blown into flame by another human being. Each of us owes deepest thanks to those who have rekindled this light. Albert Schweitzer. Ethan Frome who takes care of his ill wife becomes very attracted with his wifes sister and must choose whether or not to express his feelings. Individual responsibility is the obstacle when dealing with ones free will. This will be shown by analyzing, Ethans choices of individual responsibility and free will. Ethan, from Starkfield New England is a poor farmer who is taking care of his ill wife Zeena. Zeena had always been what Starkfield had called sickly (pg 35). She suffered from asthma and other complications. People struggled for years with troubles, but they always succumbed to complications (pg 108. ) Ethan felt it was his obligation to take care of his ill wife as they had been married for seven years. When they married they agreed as soon as he could straighten out the difficulties, he would sell the farm and saw mill and try their luck in a large town (pg 71). It was believed that her sickness was derived from the effect of life on the farm, or perhaps, as she sometimes said, it was because Ethan never listened (pg 72). Due to this Ethan felt it was his responsibility to take care of his wife. Zeena had been trying hard to get help as she occasionally left town to seek medical assistance. Ethan had grown to dread these situations because of their cost (pg. 62). Zeena had always returned with expensive remedies that were promising but never ended up working. Ethan felt his commitment of marriage was enough for him to believe that it was possible for his wife to re-cooperate from her illness and return to a normal life. While Ethan was taking care of Zeena, it was suggested that they should acquire more assistance due to his wifes health. Mattie Silver came from Stamford, and when she entered the Fromes household to act as her cousin Zeenas aid it was thought best, as she came without pay (pg 32). Ethan had taken a liking to the girl from the first day (pg 32). Mattie took pressure and stress of Ethans workload and everyday chores and basically rekindled his spirit of love. It was a fact since Mattie Silvers coming he had taken to shaving every day (pg 39). They both had gained strong feelings for each other but did not want or feel it was right for them to be expressed. One day however when walking back home from the village Mattie stumbled on an unseen object and clutched onto Ethans sleeve to steady herself. The wave of warmth that went through him was like the prolongation of his vision. For the first he stole his arm about, and she did not resist (pg 50). From that point on the both of them became more fond of each other and showed their feelings more openly to each other. One day when Zeena left town for medical reasons Mattie had attempted to do something special for Ethan by preparing him a special meal. To be used in this special meal was Zeenas pickle dish, which was only used on special occasions. Sitting at dinner the cat had backed into pickle dish, which fell to the floor with a crash (pg 85). This can be seen as the couples dream falling to pieces and not being able to be repaired as the next night Zeena had returned and she ordered that Mattie leave as Zeena required someone with medical experience. When Ethan and Zeena confronted each other it was the first sign of open anger between the couple in the sad seven years together (pg 112). He could not picture himself living without Mattie and had to choose whether or not to stay with his wife or follow his heart and go with Mattie. Ethan could not exercise his free will and be with Mattie as his individual responsibility was dealing with that of Zeena which he felt he could not abandon. Ethan had always wanted the best for his wife Zeena but she would have to come to the realization that youre a poor mans wife (pg 114). It would be impossible for him to hire a trained medical aid as the funds just were not there. Ethan felt his free will was put to the test when Zeena had ordered that Mattie leave. Ethan than realized that he could not live with out her. The night when Ethan escorts Mattie to town to catch her train they think of the idea of leaving and going West. Ethan had always dreamed of the idea but came to the conclusion that he could not leave his ill wife. Im tied hand and foot, Matt. There isnt a thing that I can do (pg 158). Before they departed Ethan wanted to do one more thing Mattie and that was take her coasting or tobogganing. While tobogganing Ethan had came into confusion as a suicide pact was suggested as they went for their last turn down the hill. They were attempting to hit a huge Elm tree but right before they hit Ethan had suddenly seen his wifes face with twisted monstrous lineaments, thrust itself between him and his goal, and he made an instinctive movement to brush it aside (pg 170). which caused Ethan to just hit the tree ever so slightly not to kill them but to injure them severely. Ethans feels his individual responsibility to Zeena must be taken care of first before he can have any life with Mattie. It is important that ones individual responsibility is taking care of first before attempting to pursue ones free will as it will cause a major obstacles and conflicts if striving to make the both co-exist. Ethans problem of choosing who he loved could have been resolved if he stuck with his individual responsibility and helped his wife back to good health.

MBA Entrepreneurship Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

MBA Entrepreneurship - Essay Example The company seeks to provide storage facilities to the residents of the area along with additional packing, and moving services. Also, it seeks to ensure that the possessions of people are well protected and cared for. The market for the service is somewhat competitive in the sense that there are a few large scale competitors who can make it hard to launch and develop the storage facility. However, most of the competitors operate in certain particular areas and so none has a monopoly over the whole of Hong Kong. The market plan therefore, at least in the short run, is to start the storage facility business from a densely populated area (Kwun Tong) where there are a lesser number of competitors and a greater demand. In the long run, the company may concentrate on the spreading of the business to other areas. Over the past few years Hong Kong has progressed in terms of economic growth with an average GDP increase of 5% each year. (HKs Current Economic Situation) Although this has been beneficial for the domestic companies of Hong Kong (our company included) because of the increase in the domestic demand, however it is also true that the economic prosperity of Hong Kong has attracted many foreign investors. The presence of such investors poses a threat in the form of the competition that they generally provide. In order to overcome the consequent harsh operating conditions that have arisen, the company has concentrated on certain objectives. The company has formulated certain objectives keeping in mind certain observations from the past. This includes the clarification of the goals of the business that has to be started as Bergsman (2004) relates. The company is keen to invest in mini storage facilities often referred to as the self storage facilities. Self storage facilities consist of self storage spaces that are

With reference to the text explain Gilroy's approach to the concepts Essay

With reference to the text explain Gilroy's approach to the concepts of 'race','class' and 'nation' - Essay Example The main source of the problem seems to be the static, non-historical perception of race, class, and nation. As such, some sort of objectivity and timelessness is ascribed to these terms, such that such fossilization results in the freezing of the very problem of racism. To be blind to this root results in not hitting the spot; no matter how hard one tries to be anti-racist, the only result is to ironically preserve racism. To speak of the Black race, Black class, and /or the Black nation aggravates the situation of the Blacks in the UK. Intuitively, we can already sense how this happens: to speak of these terms and to apply them to the Blacks is to set them apart, in a timeless and hence unchanging manner, distinct from the Whites. With this being said, let us now go to what each term refers to. The term class is not a â€Å"long term† category (Gilroy 1987, 35). As we have already stated above, this term should not be ahistorical, static. It cannot be as ahistorical as Karl Marx’s proletariat and bourgeoisie such that the two seem to be eternally divided, and hence, perennially in some clash. Marxists seem to be comfortable assuming such a distinction such they may simplify social dilemmas as that between capital and labor, proletariat and bourgeoisie, without giving room for fuzzying such a divide between the working class and the bourgeoisie. Though the existence of conflict is undeniable, still, Gilroy rightly points out that some of Marx’s seemingly timeless elements are not as timeless, i.e., through time, there are things in the Das Kapital that is already outmoded, and hence, needs to be modernized. For one, it is obvious that such a dialectical and hard distinction between the working class and the bourgeoisie is challenged by the fact that mem bers of the present-day bourgeoisie may even act as the grassroots intellectuals of the working class. Many times, Black teachers, newspaper

Marriott Hotels Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Marriott Hotels - Research Paper Example For purposes of this brief analysis, too specific to the graphics will be analyzed with relation to formulating a marketing strategy more appropriate to the needs of Marriott Hotel group. Within this analysis, the age groups of 18 to 29 as well as 61 to 75 will be analyzed. The ultimate rationale for picking these two demographic groups is with regards to the fact that the age group between 61 to 75 represents nearly the entire non-business travel and client base that hotels receive in any given year. Similarly, it is necessary to examine the 18 to 29-year-old demographic so that the marketing strategy will not be unnecessarily/unduly focused upon the needs of a much older demographic. Likewise, it is the hope of this author that through a distinct analysis of all of these groups, the marketing strategy which will be formulated will be more able to target specific needs, weaknesses, and strengths that exist with respect to each group. Firstly, with regards to the expectations that 61 to 75-year-old age group integrates with, it is been the understanding of the research that has been performed that the level and extent to which services within the hotel experience are made available are one of the primary determinants for whether or not the experience was ultimately positive or ultimately negative (Borrus 36). Whereas this is not to say that the quality and extent to which services are offered within other age groups and demographics are not the value, it merely underscores the fact that within the specific age group a level of expectation has come to exist with regards to the way in which stakeholders within the hospitality industry will seek to go above and beyond as a means of maintaining a valued customer relationship with some of their most frequent visitors. Naturally, when engaging with an older demographic such as those between the ages of 61 to 75, it is also necessary and has been referenced from the research that this particular group places a high em phasis on the representation of an on staff concierge (Cook 155). Whereas other younger demographics might not require such services due to the pervasive level of the Internet and the readily available information that it provides, this particular older demographic still relies upon in greatly values the existence of a concierge within the hotels in which they stay. This preference and reality must necessarily inform the marketing strategy of the firm as a means not only of saving many of the concierge positions and not letting them fall victim to cost-cutting but also as a means of marketing specifically to this particular demographic. Whereas it is always been necessary for a hotel chain to update and renovate on a regular basis, with respect to the youngest in a graphic which will herein be analyzed, that of the ages between 18 to 29, this demand is of vital importance and preference (Brier 28). As a function of the research which is been performed, the author has noted that this particular demographic places a high level of emphasis and preference with regards to how modern and technically up to date a given hotel might be. Whereas all demographics place a high level of importance upon cleanliness, friendliness of staff, location, and level of services offered, the younger demographic places the most emphasis on the aesthetic values combined with the chic factor. Moreover, as one might expect, the overall level of

Dead Man in Deptford and Any Old Iron Essay Example for Free

Dead Man in Deptford and Any Old Iron Essay Using the extracts from Dead Man in Deptford and Any Old Iron, and the whole of A Clockwork Orange, discuss the effectiveness of Burgess wide and varied use of language and dialect. If I were to begin this essay with a foreign word, a phrase that had been obsolete for four hundred years, and a totally incoherent sentence, complete with fabricated slang terms, then the fair or foul reader (but wheres the difference) would probably dismiss it and I would receive an F. And yet I would be imitating the style of one of the twentieth centurys prolific and widely discussed authors: Anthony Burgess. In every novel that he has written, Burgess has displayed a love of, and an acute skill for, words and word-craft, which a blacksmith might display in his trade. As soon as I started to read A Clockwork Orange, I wanted to put it down again. In the second paragraph, I counted eighteen words that I did not understand, including such timeless gems as droog, rassoodocks and, my personal favourite, mozg. I was equally baffled when confronted with the two extracts. But I slavishly stuck to it (partly because of my rather demanding English master), mostly because I was personally intrigued as to what those terms meant. One soon realises that Burgess actually likes to do this it is his wordplay. But equally, it is also an integral part of the book; he adapts his style of language for a number of reasons Firstly, in order to complement the era within which his plot takes place. For instance, Dead Man in Deptford is full of extinct words such as simulacrum and inkhornisms, and further to this, it is written in the grammatical style of a sixteenth century playwright, with long and jumbled sentences such as You must suppose that I suppose a heap of happenings that I had no eye to eye knowledge of or concerning. And in A Clockwork Orange, there are many unknown words since the novel is set in the future, and presumably the language has evolved over time. Secondly, he includes certain words and phrases in order to set the scene and establish a certain ambience. An effective example is Alexs entrance into the treatment clinic in Chapter Three of Part two of A Clockwork Orange. Whereas before Alex has relied heavily on his invented words in his narration, here he only uses the basic words such as horrorshow. Instead he concentrates on the description of his surroundings, using the word white many times. The lack of slang contributes to this description and tells the reader what Alex is thinking at that moment. Here, for instance, he is wary of his new environment and not yet comfortable enough to use his familiar language. A third explanation for Burgess use of language lies in the variety of the various characters, in the novel and both extracts. This is where dialect and implied accent become very important. Any Old Iron provides a good example in Dai Williams. His speech does not really include unfamiliar words and phrases, but there is a huge difference in his style. Lets take the sentence, Back to it with your youth and your vigour and it is your shout now. Its length, enhanced by the use of and and the repetition of your, seems to imply the intonation and speed with which it should be read. There is a certain rhythm that cannot be avoided when reading it. In other words, it looks Welsh, and when read, it sounds Welsh. Examples in A Clockwork Orange where dialect is used to distinguish characters come at the end of Part One, where the starry old ptitsa uses swashbuckling and old-fashioned language, such as wretched little slummy bedbug. The several comic book villains in Alexs cell in prison also add some variety, and in this case, humour: Yeth, yeth, boyth, thatth fair. But the final explanation for Burgess wordplay is by far the most important: it influences the reader to think in a certain way. This is most prominent in A Clockwork Orange. In the first half of the novel every tolchock or kick that Alex makes is usually preceded by the word horrorshow, so that it is constantly drummed into the readers mind that what Alex is doing is good. In contrast, the description of violence in the second half of the novel, after Alexs treatment, lacks any poetry, elaborate slang, and therefore glorification. We see what Alex sees: pure, repulsive and undisguised violence. We feel what the narrator feels. This can be said of another part of A Clockwork Orange and a certain part of Dead Man in Deptford: wherever there is an argument leading up to a fight. In Dead Man the verbal jousting comes before a particularly large brawl, one that is described in a rapid and flowing manner, almost as a commentary. Marlowe enjoys what is happening, like Alex. But also like Alex, when Marlowe is describing violence later on in the novel (the executions), there is a complete lack of enjoyment and fancy wordplay. As a side note, there is one extra reason why our great philologist Mr Burgess uses such language and dialect. It is for the simple reason that it is vastly enjoyable, both for him and for the reader. In Clockwork and Dead Man, Burgess has had the opportunity to create words and styles that go against the rules of contemporary English (this is true of Dead Man because there are no records of how Elizabethan citizens spoke). At first this can prove to be extremely irritating and demanding, and the reader feels the need to reach for a dictionary after every sentence. It is particularly annoying because the reader knows that this is English, a language he or she should understand, and yet it is totally incomprehensible. But I personally enjoy immense satisfaction by simply reading the novel without help, and interpreting the words in my own time. It soon becomes easy and very rewarding.

Barratt Development Account Information Analysis

Barratt Development Account Information Analysis Assessing the role of accounting information and accounting information system at Barratt Development Abstract Accounting information and accounting information systems (AIS) in todays information age play critical roles in facilitating decision-makers with accurate financial status of the organization and activities to pursue strategic objectives. Accountants, who are the disseminators of accounting information, need to ensure that the information provided to decision-makers such as managers, executives and board of directors is up-to-date to achieve organizational objectives, monitor performance and/or amend strategic objectives when needed. Sometimes accounting information is not as useful and even impacts negatively on the users. This is due to a host of issues that plague accounting information and its systems including authenticity, integrity and quality of the information generated. For these reasons, companies have to develop and maintain accounting information systems congruent with their business objectives to ensure usefulness, integrity and transparency to avoid ethical, legal and business conflicts. In the following evaluation, the researcher shall demonstrate the role of accounting information and accounting information system at Barratt Development Plc, with special emphasis on how the implementation of computerized accounting information systems affects issues of quality, integrity and reliability. Barratt Development Overview Barratt is one of the UKs largest homebuilders. Founded in 1958, the company today has an extended growing network of divisions spread throughout the UK. The breadth and scope of Barratt’s organizational structure can be measured by the number of resources and other pioneering projects development it serves to the communities. The company boasts market share with specialization in creating high quality, value for money homes for sale, rent and shared ownership, often in partnership with local authorities, housing associations and others (Official Website 2007). The majority, that is 80%, of the projects, are based on brown field recycled land. This commitment towards sustainable development has been congruent with the Governments future plan in sustainable development and innovation in homebuilding and construction (Official Website 2007). Even though the company has been founded since four decades, it is growing at an unprecedented speed. Since its listing in the London Stock Exchange in 1968, Barratt Development Plc has achieved high turnover. For the year 2006, the company has had a group turnover of  £2,431m. With 33 operating divisions throughout the country to serve all sectors of the market, Barratt is considered one of the most powerful groups of builders in planning and developing of the countrys housing sector (Official Website 2007). According to its executives, Barratts success lies in its geographical spread and extensive product range. The company has always ensured that sales of its homes and buildings are congruent with the average market place to appeal to a variety of buyers, yet maintains quality throughout the project. In addition, Barratt does not believe in remaining stagnant and following other players. Instead, part of its success lies in its ability to grow through innovation, and using green technologies effectively to develop projects that cost less, have more valuable benefits to the customer and environment, as well as customized to the end users preferences. Problems such as energy efficiency, health and safety, and regeneration are taken into consideration seriously (Annual Report 2006). With a strong team of specialists on its hand, Barratts management is confident in its performance and in creating value for its shareholders and stakeholders. Role of Accounting Information and AIS at Barratt Development The emergence of the digital economy and globalization has precipitated the concept of organizational systems for managing knowledge and information. In the financial context, digitized information reporting has become a link between the different units of the organization. It is through this network of information that organizations are able to utilize information in individualized management. Accounting information systems are enablers of information provision to synthesize financial information such as reports for non-standard managerial decisions. The AIS has come to be the managers knowledge through which the organization deploys knowledge for various purposes in decision frameworks (Bhimani 2003). Thus, AIS can be defined as a subsystem of the organizations information system in which quantitative data are processed to provide information for individuals or group of people with similar information needs, to use in understanding organizational activities and support decision-mak ing. Accounting information refers to processed data converted into information for the purpose of decision-making (OpenLearning ). This ideology can be exemplified by studying Barratt Development and its AIS. Accounting information at Barratt serves various groups of individuals and mainly those who are in direct relation with the business. From the top of the decision tree, the board of directors who need to direct and control the organization are the principal users of accounting information. Accounting information is used to study the trend in revenues, pre-tax profit, losses, group activities, cash flow, return on capital employed, forward order book, land, net assets, interest rates, selling price, volume of business, product sale and earnings per share to estimate the status of the business. They base their assessment on future plans, the types of project they will focus on, the kind of resources they plan to employ, and the kind of risks involved in the business (Annual Report 2006). Apart from the board of directors, accounting information provides valuable information for monitoring purposes for external groups of individuals such as the auditing committee. They study the integrity of the financial statements to objectively evaluate its relation with the organizational performance. They are also responsible for studying the financial management and reporting system to ensure that accounting procedures, system of control and processes are congruent with standards prescribed by the regulators (Annual Report 2006). The accounting information also provides useful status of the kind of credit transactions that have taken place with suppliers, the terms for repayment and how much debt the company is in without risking the companys integrity. After the Board of Directors, the auditors, and the creditors, the executives and managers are the ones who make use of the accounting information. They utilize make use of accounting information for assessing operational performance and how to improve it through strategic plans. Accounting information provides insight pertaining to the gaps or problems inherent in the skills, resources, and financial constrains that hinder the maximization of efficiency of resources to achieve organizational objectives and targets (Annual Report 2006). External users of accounting information also include the shareholders and speculators who are keen on studying the performance of the company from time to time to safeguard their interests. Information pertaining to earnings per share, share pricing, profitability, rates of returns and announcement of new shares being floated are all useful for shareholders to make investment decisions. Apart from the above-mentioned core decision-makers, accounting information is also used at the operational level for information like salaries, benefits, bonuses, pension benefits, as well as ensuring that divisional leaders are able to gauge the status of inventory, receivables, cash flow activities, assets, land, payables and taxes etc. which will impact on the overall status of the projects. The accounting information that these individuals utilize is processed by an accounting information system, which generates information from daily transactions such as sale receipts, invoices, payment slips, taxation forms, salary slips, suppliers transactional slips, and trade receivables etc. The AIS comprises of sub-sub systems set up based on accounting standards such as inventory system, supply chain system, sales proceeds systems, human resource system, and capital investment systems. The AIS is also formed based on various internal transactions recorded in these systems. Hence, the AIS at Barratt Development is based on both internal and external accounting information processing. Accounting Information Strategy at Barratt Development Although AIS has been in existence in organizations since the invention of accounting, today it is interpreted synonymously with the computerization of accounting function. The fundamental purpose of AIS is to collect, record and process data from activities related to the organizations (Stefanou 2006). The resultant information has implications in maintenance, decision and communication by internal and external stakeholders, depending on the extent of the impact of environmental factors, social factors, technological factors and organizational factors. According to Stefanou (2006), accounting information and AIS are critical for organizations to respond to highly competitive and dynamic business environments that often alter production processes and organizational structures. For this purpose, information systems such as AIS play an important role in facilitating change management and allow cross-functional requirements. At Barratt, the company has engaged Weber Shandwick Square Mile as the financial PR advisors to develop a communication framework especially designed for providing information to its shareholders and stakeholders at all times. However, this step towards transparency is limited by the companys policy not to divulge sensitive financial information to the public without the expressed approval of the Company Secretary. The company believes that this strategy helps it to ensure that key accounting information is only communicated to those genuinely concerned such as investors, private shareholders and analysts (Annual Report 2006). Barratts AIS is based on the International Financial Reporting Standards, complies with the Companies Act of 1985 and uses the generally accepted accounting principles. Under GAAP, the company also has to include estimates and assumptions that affect the companys overall financial performance, especially on assets and liabilities, while reporting of revenues and expenses. Accounting information is based on the managements interpretation of amount, activities, actions and actual/estimates and their impact on the performance of the company. For this purpose, Barratt takes into account of results/estimates from holding companies, as well as its subsidiaries, to be included in it financial statements to record revenue, expenditures, assets, liabilities, and cash flows. For example, when considering cost estimation, the company includes materials, labour and overheads of work in progress. Similarly, when considering property, plant and equipment, the company includes deferred purchase cre dit terms and costs, less depreciation of the assets (Annual Report 2006). Developing and managing accounting information is critical for inter and intra organizational information dissemination. Accurate information is required for decision support throughout the organization, as well as to ensure that the quality of information supports efficiency of operational activities. By using the GAAP principles, the companys decision-makers are able to negotiate and manage costs for determining cost price, selling price and service price of its products in the market. It is also critical for the decision-makers at the divisional level to gauge the financial implications of the project undertaken and, hence, determine its value to the overall organizational strategy. In smaller companies, it is easier to emphasize on control mechanisms such as cash, monitoring performance and maintaining relationships with external entities (Collis and Jarvis 2002). However, in an organization such as Barra tt, where holding companies, subsidiaries, supply chain and such external value chain units are connected with the companys operations, accounting estimates, though give a rough picture of the financial status, do not really provide correct financial status (Ramos 2004). Furthermore, due to the changing business environment and trend, traditional notions of control systems no longer prove effective in understanding and controlling factors that affect organizations. Bhimani (2003) is of the view that management operational strategies nowadays require a balance of all units within the organizational framework linked by an effective communication network, which emphasize on information and knowledge transfer. Any information system must facilitate information for monitoring and evaluation of the knowledge. Boland (1999) too is of the view that information systems such as the AIS must be present in the organization to create reports, support report regeneration, support decision systems, smoothen workflow and provide enquiry function. Therefore, the AIS should represent the organizational control system (Stuerke 2005). To begin with, Barratt maintains an effective financial information system that provides relevant and up-to-date information pertaining t o the organization for the purpose of maintaining investment relations. One cannot deny the fact that information pertaining to earnings forecasts, capital returns, announcements, financial performance and the like are easily available at the click of a button at Barratts investor relations web site. The purpose of this web site is to smooth the workflow of the investors, traders and analysts so that they engage in trading Barratts shares and securities (Barratt Official Website 2007). Likewise, one observes that Barratt has used its financial information system to effectively direct and control its corporate governance through which it sets standards and values for maintaining its relationship with shareholders, customers, staff, suppliers, contractors and stakeholders. It is through its corporate governance strategy that the company is able to develop an operational plan, budget, financial statements, decide on projects, conduct acquisition and disposal of units, as well as monitor business performance, set internal control for risk management and ensure transparency is existent throughout the organization (Annual Report 2006). An effective information system is dependent on a regulatory body. It is this body that monitors and evaluates the efficacy of the implementation of policies and strategies. Maintaining an information system with sensitive information, such as financial data, is useless if there are no regular checks and balances. In a financial context, this is usually carried out by the auditors. Congruent to the breadth and size of the company, Barratt has two groups of auditors internal and external. The Audit Committee (internal) comprises of executive directors with financial experience who are responsible for monitoring the effectiveness of the audit process, financial management and reporting systems, as well as ensuring the integrity and effectiveness of its accounting processes. The internal control systems are reviewed regularly to monitor potential risks or discrepancies in the audit function. An external auditing company, PricewaterhouseCoopers LLC has been engaged to authenticate the v alidity of the internal audit committees reports (Annual Report 2006). This approach is not new in terms of companys evaluation and monitoring. Apart from the auditing committee, Barratts Directors are also responsible for safeguarding the companys assets by monitoring for fraud and irregularities in its financial system and operations. Their task is governed by an internal control and risk management system. Although, this system may seem effective in defining risk control operations and reportage, nevertheless it is usually limited by the authority of the same directors who report, evaluate and audit the financial information disseminated at interim and annual meetings. The directors are a select group who are made responsible for the transparency of the whole companys accounting system. For example, when considering issues of land viability for acquisition, work in progress, and sub-contractor payments etc., the executive directors are dependent on the input system, which is controlled at the divisional level. Accounting of purchases, sales, and acquisitions is authenticated by the divisional heads, while the executive di rectors are dependent on these divisional units for authentication of their own reportage. Consequently, the researcher is of the view that the system only provides reasonable assurance. The risk of fraudulent activities cannot be really assured at all levels as the checks and balances are limited to the top executives only. Conclusion From the above discussion, one understands that although the digital economy has substantially revolutionized accounting information systems, it is essentially based on the same framework. Traditional accounting values such as integrity, authenticity and quality of information for the purpose of decision-making critically have remained the same. All processes in recording and processing accounting data for generating information serve the purpose of accountability and authentication of the factors of production, work in progress and performance of the firm. What has changed is the significance of the AIS as the intra and inter communication framework for stakeholders and shareholders. This is evident from the above study of Barratt Development, one of UKs top house-builder companies. Barratt, based on its operational infrastructure, has developed a complex financial information system governed by policies, procedures and disciplines for governing it. Its management has appointed top decision-makers (its directors) as gatekeepers for monitoring, evaluating and safekeeping of financial information. It has adopted standardized accounting principles for reportage and accountability so as to facilitate its shareholders and stakeholders with easy-to-access accounting information for making decisions that affect the company. Nevertheless, if one analyzes this accounting system, it is filled with gaps, which may compromise the integrity and quality of information provided to its users. Consequently, the researcher is of the view that AIS cannot guarantee authenticity, quality and integrity of information, regardless of the kind of system adopted. What is needed is a check and balance system integrated, congruent with the AIS, at all levels of the organization to ensure independent authentication of information and knowledge management. Bibliography Barratt Official Website. Company Profile. Online accessed on 20 January 2007 from: http://www.barratt-investor-relations.co.uk/corporateoverview/companyprofile.aspx Barratt Report and Accounts 2006. Bhimani, A. (2003) Management Accounting in the Digital Economy. Oxford University Press: Oxford. Boland, R. J. (1999) Accounting as a Representational Craft Lessons for Research on Information Systems in Rethinking Management Information Systems: An Interdisciplinary Perspective, Currie, W. and Galliers, B. (eds) Oxford University Press: Oxford. pp. 229 Collis, J. and Jarvis, R. (2002) Financial Information and the Management of Small Private Companies. Journal of Small Business and Enterprise Development, Vol. 9, No. 2 pp.100-110 Ramos, M. M. (2004) Interaction between management accounting and supply chain management. Supply Chain Management: An International Journal. Vol.9, No. 2, pp.134-138 Stuerke, P. S. (2005) Financial analysts as users of accounting information. International Journal of Managerial Finance Vol. 1 No. 1, pp. 8-24 Barratt Report and Accounts 2006. Barratt Official Website. Company Profile. Online accessed on 20 January 2007 from: http://www.barratt-investor-relations.co.uk/corporateoverview/companyprofile.aspx Bhimani, A. (2003) Management Accounting in the Digital Economy. Oxford University Press: Oxford. Boland, R. J. (1999) Accounting as a Representational Craft Lessons for Research on Information Systems in Rethinking Management Information Systems: An Interdisciplinary Perspective, Currie, W. and Galliers, B. (eds) Oxford University Press: Oxford. pp. 229 Ramos, M. M. (2004) Interaction between management accounting and supply chain management. Supply Chain Management: An International Journal. Vol.9, No. 2, pp.134-138 Collis, J. and Jarvis, R. (2002) Financial Information and the Management of Small Private Companies. Journal of Small Business and Enterprise Development, Vol. 9, No. 2 pp.100-110 Stuerke, P. S. (2005) Financial analysts as users of accounting information. International Journal of Managerial Finance Vol. 1 No. 1, pp. 8-24